Construction buildings might look the same from the outside after completion. However, according to the international categorization rules, these structures can be segregated into five major types, depending on the materials used, purpose, and key features. Every construction business needs to have deep domain knowledge about these categories so that they can select the most feasible building type for their upcoming projects. If not, it can lead to a severe disaster, like the collapse of the building, reduced market price, choice of incorrect raw materials, and violation of the International Building Codes. Since it’s imperative to know about the types of construction buildings, we have compiled a detailed guide with comprehensive information about the categories. Additionally, we have also discussed the International Building Code, modern trends in the building construction industry, and the importance of choosing the right type of building construction for every project.
What is building construction?
First, let us have a brief review of what is building construction before moving to the detailed studies. In the construction industry, projects can be categorized into different types based on the structures to be constructed. Building construction involves planning and erection of structures like residential houses, commercial buildings, industrial warehouses manufacturing units, and so on. It doesn’t involve infrastructure building but rather the construction of the entire structure with appropriate frames, supportive units, enclosures, utility installation, and landscaping.
Evolution of building construction
According to archaeological studies, it has been proven that early humans used mud and stones of different types and sizes to build their houses. The Harappan and the Egyptian civilizations had houses and buildings made from rocks, stones, and mud with thatched roofs. During the Roman civilization, more stability was introduced to the buildings in the form of arches and domes that could support the weight of the building. Fast forward to the 18th century, bricks and stones were used to design classic houses and buildings, while attention to detailed aesthetics became imperative for construction workers.
Steel and cast iron were introduced much later to the construction industry during the industrial revolution, which resulted in stable buildings with increased heights and improved architectures. The concept of prefabrication of construction materials was also adopted during the early 19th century, allowing for faster project completion. It was in the 20th century that concrete was introduced and soon became the most preferred construction material for buildings and relevant structures. Modernization of building construction projects could be seen, with key changes like glass walls, minimalist architectures, and the elimination of domes and arches.
In the 21st century, several changes have been introduced to the evolution of building construction. More focus has been given to sustainability, compelling construction companies to use raw materials like bamboo, reinforced concrete, engineered wood, and many more to reduce environmental impact.
What is the international building code, and why is it important?
Known to be the brainchild of the International Code Council, the International Building Code, or IBC, sets the rules and regulations to be followed for building construction and safety. It offers a comprehensive guideline covering major aspects of building construction like accessibility, fire safety, structural integrity, framework designing, and many more. Apart from this, it also sets a uniform platform for construction projects across different jurisdictions.
Below we have discussed the importance of the International Building Code in the construction industry.
- It establishes safety and protection standards for the buildings, like fire safety, structural failure and recovery, and other types of accidents and unpredictable events.
- Builders and owners need to adhere to the IBC to ensure they are not liable and won’t have to face any legal complication later on. With compliance, they can easily work on the construction projects and also implement appropriate safety measures.
- The main purpose of the International Building Code is to ensure the constructed structures adhere to the optimal quality standards for being durable, capable to withstand environmental calamities, resist fire, and remain functional throughout.
- The recent changes in the IBC standards have made provisions for sustainability and environment-friendliness in building construction practices by reducing carbon footprint with modern technologies and a shift towards sustainable raw materials.
Types of construction buildings
Type 1: Fire-resistive
With an average minimal height of 75 feet, fire-resistive structures are one of the primary types of construction buildings. They are made from reinforced concrete and steel frames coated with a fire-resistant coating so that the buildings can withstand extremely high temperatures during any fire incident. The structures are non-combustible and can resist fire for four hours. However, the major flaw lies with the exposed steel frames since they can corrode due to constant wear and tear. Also, enclosed windows and walls prevent ventilation during fire incidents. Apart from the raw materials being fire-resistant, the buildings have pressurizing stairwells and well-maintained HVAC systems that prevent the fire from spreading throughout.
Type 2: Non-combustible
Newly designed commercial buildings like shopping malls belong to the Type 2 category. They are made from non-combustible materials like reinforced masonry and tilt-slab construction. However, in some cases, foam and rubber can be used for insulation, which aren’t fire resistant. Depending on the material being used, the fire-resistant capability varies between 1 to 2 hours. One of the major flaws of these buildings is the closed structures, which limit ventilation and cause the internal temperature to escalate. The steel roofs fail to maintain their structural integrity and cause the building to collapse. To counterattack this, skylights and external roll-up doors are often integrated into the main structure.
Type 3: Ordinary: wood-framed roof
One of the major types of construction buildings that has remained prevalent for ages is the ordinary building. These structures are made with a prominent wooden roof, tilt-slab, and masonry walls. Hence, the walls are non-combustible, but the roofs are susceptible to catching fire since they are made of wooden structures. To prevent the collapse of the external walls, a combination of fire-cut joists and non-combustible masonry is used. On the contrary, the presence of attics and horizontal empty spaces near the roof in ordinary buildings causes the fire to spread quickly.
Type 4: Heavy timber
Before the 1960s, heavy timber was prevalently used for building construction. Here, the walls are made from humongous wooden pieces, which are further connected using metal joineries. While wood is flammable and won’t be able to withstand high temperatures, the sheer size of the lumbar pieces allows the Type 4 buildings to flare well during fires, giving enough time to put out the flames and conserve the property. Load-bearing walls are included in the structures to prevent the building from collapsing due to heavy weight. However, since metal joints are often used to connect the lumbar, they can break when subjected to high temperatures. Also, due to the older age, the buildings become prone to weather and termite damage, which further reduces the structural strength.
Type 5: Wood-framed
Last but not least, we have wood-framed buildings made from either engineered or natural wood. Large and humongous beams are constructed to support the structure and prevent the building from collapsing during fire. Also, the interiors are designed uniquely to prevent the flames from spreading vertically. However, since the walls and roofs are made from wood, the buildings can quickly catch fire if not controlled.
Importance of choosing the right construction type
Since we have discussed what is the International Building Code and the types of buildings involved in the construction industry, let’s have a quick look at the importance of choosing the right construction type. Only then will you be able to understand how a chosen building construction category can either make or break your project.
- Different building construction types need to adhere to a specific set of safety standards and guidelines. If not chosen correctly, you won’t be able to remain compliant with the stringent international standards and the IBC rules.
- Since there are five different types of building construction, the choice of raw material will depend on your selection. For instance, if the project requires the construction of a fireproof building but you have selected a Type 3 building, the raw materials won’t be able to meet the purpose.
- Also, based on the type of building to be constructed, you have to decide the feasibility and compatibility of the raw materials with the environmental conditions prevalent in the area.
- With different types of building construction, builders and project managers can adhere to sustainable practices and ensure the structures are more energy-efficient.
Modern trends in building construction
While there are countless modern trends in building construction, we have selected only a few that have made a huge impact across the sector worldwide.
- Off-site construction: Different structures, like roof shingles, columnar walls, glass panels, and others are fabricated at another place and then brought to the construction site for final assembling. This reduces clutter and eliminates the chances of workplace injuries significantly.
- IoT integration: Modern buildings are integrated with IoT devices, like sensors to create a ground platform for seamless communication and data transfer without any hurdle.
- Green building construction: Choosing materials like bamboo, hemp, and others over hardwood timber has paved the way for green building construction. These are more sustainable, easily available, cheaper, and won’t lead to deforestation and loss of green cover.
- 3D printing: One of the major trends in building construction is 3D printing. It enables builders and project owners to construct a real-life structure of the building while highlighting key features like fire-resistive nature.
Conclusion
In this discussion, we have shed light on the types of building construction along with the importance of the International Building Code, the evolution of construction techniques over the years, and the modern trends in the construction industry. It’s evident that every builder and project owner needs to choose the right type of building to be constructed to adhere to the stringent international standards and harbor safety and durability.
FAQ
What is Type 2 building material?
Type 2 building materials are non-combustible like masonry walls, tilt slabs, and many more. They can retain their structural integrity under high temperatures, thereby preventing the buildings from collapsing.
What is Type 1 building material?
Type 1 building materials are rated based on their resistive properties against fire according to the International Building Code. Protected steel and reinforced concrete with a fire-resistant coating form the two major materials in this category.
How can I choose the right type of construction building for my project?
The choice of the construction building will depend on the project requirements, prevalent environmental conditions, availability of the raw materials, budget and cost structures, and initial site conditions.
How does infrastructure construction differ from building construction?
Infrastructure construction is related to public and utility structures like bridges, railways, roads, airports, and many more. On the contrary, building construction is associated with commercial, residential, and industrial buildings having an enclosure.
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